Example 72 Suppose we want to describe the elevation above see level of each point on the surface of a mountain For simplicity, suppose that the mountain just looks like a cone, with the base at sea level The altitude can be represented by the function \\begin{eqnarray*} fD & \longrightarrow & {\mathbb R} \\ z & = & f(x,y), \end{eqnarray*}\ associating to each point in theWhile technology is readily available to help us graph functions of two variables, there is still a paperandpencil approach that is useful to understand and master as it, combined with highquality graphics, gives one great insight into the behavior of a function This technique is known as sketching level curvesThe graph itself is drawn in an ( x, y, z) coordinate system Remark 2 Level curves of the same function with different values cannot intersect Remark 3 Level curves of utility functions are called indifference curves
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Level curves of a function of two variables-Picturing f(x;y) Contour Diagrams (Level Curves) We saw earlier how to sketch surfaces in three dimensions However, this is not always easy to do, or to interpret A contour diagram is a second option for picturing a function of two variables Suppose a function h(x;y) gives the height above sea level at the point (x;y) on a map§151 FUNCTIONS OF TWO OR MORE VARIABLES §151 Functions of Two or More Variables After completing this section, students should be able to • Match equations of the form z = f(x,y) to graphs of surfaces and graphs of level curves • Describe the graphs of functions of three variables w = f(x,y,z) in terms of the level curves f(x,y,z) = k 124



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C Graph the level curve AHe, iL=3, and describe the relationship between e and i in this case T 37 Electric potential function The electric potential function for two positive charges, one at H0, 1L with twice the strength as the charge at H0, 1L, is given by fHx, yL= 2 x2 Hy1L2 1 x2 Hy 1L2 a Graph the electric potential using the window @5, 5Dµ@5, 5Dµ@0, 10 D3 Functions of Two Variables The temperature T at a point on the surface of the earth at any given time depends on the longitude x and latitude y of the point We can think of T as being a function of the two variables x and y, or as a function of the pair (x, y)We indicate this functional dependence by writing T = f (x, y)The volume V of a circular cylinder depends on its radius rRemark 1 Level curves of a function of two variables can be drawn in an ( x, y) coordinate system;
LEVEL CURVES 2D If f(x;y) is a function of two variables, then f(x;y) = c = constis a curve or a collection of curves in the plane It is called contour curve or level curve For example, f(x;y) = 4x2 3y2 = 1 is an ellipse Level curves allow to visualize functions of two variables f(x;y) LEVEL SURFACES We will later see also 3D anaDefinition The level curves of a function f of two variables are the curves with equations f (x,y) = k, where k is a constant (in the range of f ) A level curve f (x,y) = k is the set of all points in the domain of f at which f takes on a given value k In other words, it shows where the graph of fWhere c=constant If f= height, level curves are contours on a contour map If f= air pressure
Definition The level curves of a function f of two variables are the curves with equations f (x,y) = k, where k is a constant (in the range of f) A level curve f (x,y) = k is the set of all points in the domain of f at which f takes on a given value k In other words, it shows where the graph of f has height k(1) We can write the surface as a level surface f(x, y, z) = c of a function of three variables, f(x, y, z) (2) We can parameterize the surface by writing x, y, and z each as functions of two parameters, say s and t This is analogous to parameterizing a curve and writing x, y, and z For problems 5 – 7 identify and sketch the level curves (or contours) for the given function \(2x 3y {z^2} = 1\) Solution \(4z 2{y^2} x = 0\) Solution \({y^2} = 2{x^2} z\) Solution;



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Level curves and contour plots are another way of visualizing functions of two variables If you have seen a topographic map then you have seen a contour plot Example To illustrate this we first draw the graph of z = x2 y2 On this graph we draw contours, which are curves at a fixed height z = constant For example the curve at height zSurfaces and Contour Plots Part 6 Contour Lines A contour line (also known as a level curve) for a given surface is the curve of intersection of the surface with a horizontal plane, z = cA representative collection of contour lines, projected onto the xyplane, is a contour map or contour plot of the surface In particular, if the surface is the graph of a function of two variables, say zScalar functions of 2, 3 variables De nition Examples Graph of the functions Level curves and level surfaces Slide 8 ' & $ % Scalar functions of 2 variables De nition 3 A scalar function fof two variables (x;y) is a rule that assigns to each ordered pair (x;y) 2DˆIR2 a unique real number, denoted by f(x;y), that is, f DˆIR2!RˆIR



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19 Level Curves A second way to visualize a function of two variables is to use a scalar field in which the scalar z = f(x, y) is assigned to the point (x, y)A scalar field can be characterized by level curves (or contour lines) along which the value of f(x, y) is constant For instance, the weather map Plot an equation containing two variables in C# This example uses the same techniques to plot level curves For a function z = F(x, y), the program simply plots the function F(x, y) – z = 0 for different z values This example makes curves red when z < 0, blue when z > 0, and black when z = 0For a function of three variables, one technique we can use is to graph the level surfaces, our threedimensional analogs of level curves in two dimensions Given , the level surface at is the surface in space formed by all points where



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141 Functions of Several Variables In singlevariable calculus we were concerned with functions that map the real numbers R to R, sometimes called "real functions of one variable'', meaning the "input'' is a single real number and the "output'' is likewise a single real number In the last chapter we considered functions taking a real numberFunction f consists of level sets (curves) f(x,y) = ki The number ki indicates the value of f along each level curve The concept of the graph is obviously hard to extend to functions of more than two variables The graph of a function of three variables would be a threedimensional surface in fourdimensional space! A level curve of a function of two variables is completely analogous to a contour line on a topographical map (a) A topographical map of Devil's Tower, Wyoming Lines that are close together indicate very steep terrain (b) A perspective photo of Devil's Tower shows just how steep its sides are Notice the top of the tower has the same



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$\begingroup$ This answers proves that if two level curves intersect, then actually they aren't two different curves, it's only one But the example is a useful one, because it shows how "a level curve" can be thought of as the combination of two "lines" $\endgroup$A level curve of a function of two variables f (x, y) f (x, y) is completely analogous to a contour line on a topographical map Figure 47 (a) A topographical map of Devil's Tower, Wyoming Lines that are close together indicate very steep terrain (b) A perspective photo of Devil's Tower shows just how steep its sides are Section 15 Functions of Several Variables In this section we want to go over some of the basic ideas about functions of more than one variable First, remember that graphs of functions of two variables, z = f (x,y) z = f ( x, y) are surfaces in three dimensional space For example, here is the graph of z =2x2 2y2 −4 z = 2 x 2 2 y 2 − 4



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Level Curves and Surfaces The graph of a function of two variables is a surface in space Pieces of graphs can be plotted with Maple using the command plot3dFor example, to plot the portion of the graph of the function f(x,y)=x 2 y 2 corresponding to x between 2 and 2 and y between 2 and 2, type > with (plots);For problems 8 & 9 identify and sketch the traces for the given curves \(2x 3y {z^2} = 1\) Solution \(4z 2{y^2} x = 0\) SolutionThe level curves in this case are just going to be lines So, for instance, if we take the level curve at z equals 0, then we have just the equation 2x plus y equals 0 And so that has interceptso we're looking atso 0 equals 2x plus y, so that's just y equals minus 2x So that's this level curve That's the level curve at z equals 0



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Functions of two variables can be described numerically (a table), graphically, algebraically (a formula), or in English are connected with curves Each particular output is called a level, and these curves are called level curves or contours The closer the curves are to each other, the steeper that section of the surface TopographicalLevel Curves and Contour Maps The level curves of a function f(x;y) of two variables are the curves with equations f(x;y) = k, where kis a constant (in the range of f) A graph consisting of several level curves is called a contour map Level Surfaces The level surfaces of a function f(x;y;z) of three variables are the surfacesA realvalued function of n real variables is a function that takes as input n real numbers, commonly represented by the variables x 1, x 2, , x n, for producing another real number, the value of the function, commonly denoted f(x 1, x 2, , x n)For simplicity, in this article a realvalued function of several real variables will be simply called a function



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If I want the level curves f ( x, y) = c, then these now represent concentric circles in the x − y plane centered at the origin of radius c Now here's my question Say I have w = f ( x, y, z) now a function of three variables, ie it is a hypersurface in R 4 If I have a level "curve" say w = f ( x, y, z) = 0, does this then represent now aWhen we talk about the graph of a function with two variables defined on a subset D of the xyplane, we mean zfxy xy D= (, ) ,( )∈ If c is a value in the range of f then we can sketch the curve f(x,y) = cThis is called a level curve A collection of level curves can give a good representation of the 3d graphAnswer (1 of 5) A level curve can be drawn for function of two variable ,for function of three variable we have level surface A level curve of a function is curve of points where function have constant values,level curve is simply a cross section of graph of



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MATH 1 Multivariable Calculus at Queens College, Spring 21112 Contours and level curves Three dimensional surfaces can be depicted in two–dimensions by means of level curves or contour maps If f DˆR2!R is a function of two variables, the level curves of f are the subsets of D f(x;y) 2D f(x;y) = cg; Level Curves and Surfaces Example 2 In mathematics, a level set of a function f is a set of points whose images under f form a level surface, ie a surface such that every tangent plane to the surface at a point of the set is parallel to the level set



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Perpendicular to the level set curve at the point (1;1), where the gradient was evaluated You can also note that the gradient is pointing in the direction of steepest ascent of z(x;y)8 16 Level Curves and Feasible Region At optimality the level curve of the objective function is tangent to the binding constraints11Multivariable Functions, Level Curves and Partial Derivatives Domain and Range for Multivariable Functions The function zfxy= (,) is a function of two variables with dependent variable 'z' and independent variables 'x' and 'y' The domain of zfxy= (,) is the two‐dimensional set of all points in the xy plane which are valid inputs into the function When the level curves are spaced far apart (in the center), there is a gradual change in the function values When the level curves are close together (near c = 5), there is a steep change in the function values 25 Example 7 Sketch a contour map of the function, using the level curves at c = 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8



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27 Tangent Planes to Level Surfaces Suppose S is a surface with equation F(x, y, z) = k, that is, it is a level surface of a function F of three variables, and let P(x 0, y 0, z 0) be a point on S Let C be any curve that lies on the surface S and passes through the point PRecall that the curve C is described by a continuous vector function r(t) = 〈x(t), y(t), z(t)〉Above level curves of the same function above graph of the function \(f(x,y) = \frac 19 x^2 \frac 14 y^2\) and you can picture them as shifted graphs of a function of two variables This situation is the simplest possible, so it may help you visualize what happens in higher dimensions, but it is rare Functions of \(4\) or more variablesX y 143 Level Curves and Level Surfaces Look over book examples!!!



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Level sets show up in many applications, often under different names For example, an implicit curve is a level curve, which is considered independently of its neighbor curves, emphasizing that such a curve is defined by an implicit equationAnalogously, a level surface is sometimes called an implicit surface or an isosurface The name isocontour is also used, which means a contour ofI Functions of two variables I Graph of the function I Level curves, contour curves I Functions of three variables I Level surfaces On open and closed sets in Rn We first generalize from R3 to Rn the definition of a ball of radius r centered at Pˆ Definition A set B r (Pˆ) ⊂ Rn, with n ∈ N and r > 0, is a ball of radius rGradients and Level Curves Recall that if a curve is defined parametrically by the function pair then the vector is tangent to the curve for every value of in the domain Now let's assume is a differentiable function of and is in its domain Let's suppose further that and for some value of and consider the level curve Define and calculate on the level curve



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P 306 (3/23/08) Section 143, Partial derivatives with two variables On the other hand, when we set x = 2 in the equation z = 1 3y 3 − x2y, we obtain the equation z = 1 3y 3 −4y for this cross section in terms of x and z, whose graph is shown in the yzplane of Figure 8Of such functions We study functions of two variables in Sections 141 through 146 We discuss vertical cross sections of graphs in Section 141, horizontal cross sections and level curves in Section 142, partial derivatives in Section 143, Chain Rules in Section 144, directional derivatives and gradient vectors inA level curve (or contour) of a function \(f\) of two independent variables \(x\) and \(y\) is a curve of the form \(k = f(x,y)\text{,}\) where \(k\) is a constant Topographical maps can be used to create a threedimensional surface from the twodimensional contours or level curves



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